Proper citation of sources in academic writing is important. The following tools and resources can help you.
Bibliographic Management Tools
Bibliographic management tools allow you to store, manage, and format citations. They can import references from databases, place citations formatted in various styles directly into your text, and create reference lists.
RefWorks is a web-based product available to current UNH students, faculty, and staff for free.
EndNote can be purchased at the UNH Computer Store; there is also a web version available. The UNH Library does not subscribe to EndNote.
Online Guides
Your instructor may designate a particular journal title as the style guide, using either a particular article or the "instruction to authors" guidelines on the journal website or in a print issue. RefWorks also includes hundreds of journal styles.
The following sites provide guidelines and examples for in-text citations, notes, and references for some of the most commonly used citation styles.
APA (American Psychological Association)
- OWL (Purdue Online Writing Lab) – general guidelines and examples
- Research and Documentation Online, 5th ed., from hackerhandbooks.com
- The Writing Center, Univ. of Wisconsin – Madison
- Handout from the UNH Connors Writing Center
MLA (Modern Language Association)
- OWL (Purdue Online Writing Lab) – general guidelines and examples
- Research and Documentation Online, 5th ed., from hackerhandbooks.com
- The Writing Center, Univ. of Wisconsin – Madison
- Handout from the UNH Connors Writing Center
Chicago/Turabian Style
- Chicago Manual of Style Online – UNH subscription to the 15th & 16th editions
- OWL (Purdue Online Writing Lab) – general guidelines and examples
- Research and Documentation Online, 5th ed., from hackerhandbooks.com
- Turabian-style Formats for Notes & Bibliographies
- Handouts (Part 1 and Part 2) from the UNH Connors Writing Center
ASA (American Sociological Association)
- OWL (Purdue Online Writing Lab) – manuscript & reference page formatting
- Handout from the UNH Connors Writing Center
Styles for Life/Physical Sciences & Engineering
Council of Science Editors (CSE): Biology & Other Sciences
- Research and Documentation Online, 5th ed., from hackerhandbooks.com
- The Writing Center, Univ. of Wisconsin – Madison
ACS Style Guide (American Chemical Society)
- Quick Guide (Pennsylvania State University Libraries)
Help for Other Styles or Types of Sources
- Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications (University Libraries, Univ. of Memphis)
- Documenting Sources in Other Disciplines (Purdue OWL)
Print copies of a variety of citation style guides are kept at the Reference Desk in Dimond Library or any of the branch libraries; just ask for assistance.
Citation Help Through Library Databases
Some library databases, such as those from EBSCOhost and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, allow you to get references in selected styles such as MLA, APA or AMA when emailing and saving records.
Avoiding Plagiarism
- Safe Practices – part of the Avoiding Plagiarism module on the Purdue OWL site
- Citing Sources & Avoiding Plagiarism (Duke Univ. Libraries) – tips on warning signs and what to cite
- Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana Univ., Bloomington)